The two types of steam turbines most widely used are the backpressure and the extractioncondensing types fig. Water driven tubes are used primarily for the development of hydroelectric energy. The power from extraction turbine is generated as an advantage of the generated steam, though our prime use of steam is for processes. Steam turbine gets heat energy in the form of superheated steam from steam generator. Effects of mach number and flow incidence on aerodynamic. Stories of useful inventions samuel eagle foreman the propeller is caused to revolve by a steamengine, steamturbine, or gasoleneengine, as shown in fig. The general arrangement and principal design features of a 900,000kw turbinegenerator are described and illustrated. All turbines, that have highpressure turbine and lowpressure turbines use a steam reheat between these stages. Steam purity versus steam quality steam purity is the condition of the steam in regards to the purity of the chemistry of the steam expressed as ppb parts per. Modern steam powered systems burn coal or gas to generate steam in boilers, which is then run through a steam turbine. In this device, steam was supplied through a hollow rotating shaft to a hollow rotating sphere.
Latest technologies and future prospects for a new steam. However, as 100% effi ciency is not possible it is referred to as the th eoretical steam rate. Its modern manifestation was invented by sir charles parsons in 1884. In case of turbines with cooling water preheating and lowpressure lp bypass, prior to supplying steam the regeneration and dumping systems have to be. A condenser installed at the exhaust or low pressure end of the turbine receives and condenses the steam prior to it being pumped back to the boiler. Back pressure steam turbine is also called as non condensing steam turbine is mostly used in process steam industries or cogeneration plants. Region of high turbulence between control stage and second stage. Thus a steam turbine could be viewed as a complex series of windmilllike arrangements, all assembled on the same shaft. Steam turbine working principle and types of steam turbine.
Steam turbine cascade tests are usually conducted without the compliment of steam, instead air is being used as the test medium. Steam turbine design options, how to specify or upgrade 31 figure 4. Th e tsr is the amount of steam fl ow needed to drive the turbine at the specifi ed steam conditions, assuming that the turbine is 100% effi cient. Ge power has supplied 30% of the worlds steam turbine capacity. Numerous attempts at this type of locomotive were made, mostly without success. Steam turbine types steam turbine types based on blade geometry and energy conversion process are. The extraction points of steam from the turbine could be more than one, depending on the temperature levels of. Extraction condensing turbine an overview sciencedirect.
A description exists of a primitive steam turbine constructed by hero of alexandria in the first century b. Combined heat and power technology fact sheets series. The blade is the component that extracts energy from the steam. Governing of steam turbine is the procedure of controlling the flow rate of steam to a steam turbine so as to maintain the speed of the turbine fairly constant irrespective of load on the turbine. A steam turbine locomotive is a steam locomotive which transmits steam power to the wheels via a steam turbine. A highvelocity steam is coming from the nozzles and it strikes the rotating blades which are fitted on a disc mounted on a shaft. Two basic types of steam turbine designs are available.
The conversion is generally accomplished by passing the fluid through a system of stationary passages or vanes that alternate with passages consisting of finlike blades attached to a rotor. Diesel engine, petrol engine are the common example of internal combustion engine. Variable from little to massive, the turbines are created in a very big range of power capacities. Types of steam turbines chemical engineering world. There can be two basic types of hydraulic turbines. In an extracting type turbine, steam is released from variousin an extracting type turbine, steam is released from various stages of the turbine, and used for industrial process needs or sentstages of the turbine, and used for industrial process needs or sent to boiler feed water heater to. These nozzles have a 2d crosssection without twist and are used in multiple stages. Ger3582e steam turbines for stag combinedcycle power systems. Reheat allows to deliver more of the heat at a temperature close to the peak of the cycle i. Vpi current setup for cascade test involves 2 types of nozzle guide vanes used in the highpressure stage of a rateau steam turbine. It is a device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy or hydraulic energy into electrical energy. Initial steam conditions are 3500psi f with reheat to f. After nearly a century of experimenting and after many failures there was at last developed an engine known as the steamturbine. A passengers history of the tube, profile books, isbn, page 9.
In impulse turbines a free jet of water strikes the. A steam turbine consists of a rotor resting on bearings and enclosed in a cylindrical casing. Division of steam flow indicates whether the steam flows in just one direction or if it flows in more than one direction. Turbine, any of various devices that convert the energy in a stream of fluid into mechanical energy. Turbine classification in order to better understand turbine operation, five basic classifications are discussed. Working principle of steam turbine depends on the dynamic action of steam. The choice between backpressure turbine and extractioncondensing turbine depends mainly on the quantities of power and heat, quality of heat, and economic factors. It must also deliver steam safely to the turbine under all conditions. The first device that can be classified as a reaction steam turbine is the aeolipile proposed by hero of alexandria, during the 1st century ce.
Steam turbine definition and meaning collins english. A system of angled and shaped blades arranged on a rotor through which steam is passed to generate rotational energy. Excellent steam purity is essential for a turbine operation it is essential to monitor the steam purity of the steam going to a high pressure turbine. Its modern manifestation was invented by charles parsons in 1884.
Steam purity for turbine operation 20 international association for the properties of water and steam publication in whole or in part is allowed in all countries provided that attribution is given to the. Steam turbines, whether small scale or heavyduty, are crucial for efficient power plants. The typical main turbine in nuclear power plants, in which steam expands from pressures about 6 mpa to pressures about 0. In its simplest form, a steam turbine consist of a boiler steam generator, turbine, condenser, feed pump and a variety of auxiliary devices.
Steam purity for turbine applications columbia water technology industrial water treatment 2903 ne 109th ave. Reheat turbines are also used almost exclusively in thermal power plants. Because the turbine generates rotary motion, it is particularly suited to driving electrical generators about 90% of all electricity generation in the united states 1996 is by use of steam turbines 1 wiser. Turbines can also be termed as machines extracting energy from fluids. A turbine operated by highly pressurized steam directed against vanes on a rotor. Unlike the reciprocating steam engine, the steam turbine makes use of the kinetic rather than the potential energy of steam. In this steam turbines books section you will find handbooks training material and slides related to steam turbine auxiliaries, design and operation and maintenance. Our fleet360 total plant offerings span steam turbine servicing of specific components to overall steam turbine health solutions.
Unlike with reciprocating engines, for instance, compression, heating and expansion are. Steam consumption of steam turbine is depending to required output power and efficiency of the turbine. What is steam turbine description and characteristics. Principles of operation of a steam turbinewhen high temperature steam passes through a steam turbine. The performance of the steam turbine is governed by the losses occurred in it. The base of the turbine will be more compared to its steam intake chambers. Thermal efficiency of the cycle can be increased either by reducing the condenser pressure or by increasing the turbine inlet pressure and temperature. The steam turbine is a form of heat engine that derives much of its improvement in thermodynamic efficiency from the use of multiple. Dec 31, 2019 steam turbine plural steam turbines a system of angled and shaped blades arranged on a rotor through which steam is passed to generate rotational energy. Leland, 2 books calvin franklin swingle, 2 books f. Introduction to steam turbine parts of steam turbine and.
This is the type of steam turbine that will be used in a bottoming cycle chp plant in which waste heat or energy from an industrial process is used to raise steam to generate electricity. Unlike with reciprocating engines, for instance, compression, heating and expansion are continuous and they occur simultaneously. It was opened in 1904 as the largest traction power station in europe and one of. Type of compounding refers to the use of blading which causes a series of pressure drops, a series of velocity drops, or a combination of the two. A turbines blades are designed to control the speed, direction, and pressure of the steam as it passes through the turbine. Nov 25, 2019 a steam turbine is also much more compact than a steam engine. Nov 07, 2016 back pressure steam turbine is also called as non condensing steam turbine is mostly used in process steam industries or cogeneration plants. This highvelocity steam produces dynamic pressure on the blades in which blades and shaft both start to rotate in the same direction. Turbine definition and types of turbines hydraulic.
In the 1930s this type of locomotive was seen as a way both to revitalize steam power and challenge the diesel locomotives then being introduced. A steam turbine is a device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and uses it to do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft. The steam turbine rotor is the spinning component that has wheels and blades attached to it. Steam turbine definition of steam turbine by the free. One is an impulse design in which the rotor turns as a result of the force of steam on the blades. The best definition for a turbine one might provide is that the conversion of steams heat to mechanical work, that is finished on a rotating output shaft.
Based on our vast steam turbine knowledge and global service network, power services offers its services for any impulse or reaction steam turbine, regardless of manufacturer and application. The general arrangement and principal design features of a 900,000kw turbine generator are described and illustrated. Hga excess air discharge flue gas temperature main steam condition reheat back pressure lhv. The first attempts at building a steam turbine were made long ago. This is caused by a region of increasing pressure toward the stagnation point of a blade or strut. Bloch, 2 books moyer, james ambrose, 2 books john morrow, 2 books oskar lasche, 2 books aurel stodola, 2 books parsons, charles sir, 2 books auguste rateau, 2 books walter s. The international association for the properties of water and steam london, united kingdom september 20 technical guidance document. Pdf varma designed ultra modern and high efficiency turbines which can use gas, steam or fuels as feed to produce electricity or mechanical work for.
Efficiency will depend on turbine size or rotor diameter, blade geometries, speed, extreme condition of steam and other losses. For largescale turbines, there are dozens of blades attached to the rotor, typically in different sets. Turbine history of steam turbine technology britannica. A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and transforms it into mechanical work. The rotor is turned by steam impinging against attached vanes or blades on which it exerts a force in the tangential direction. Types of steam turbine an overview sciencedirect topics. A steam turbine is also much more compact than a steam engine. This manual does not for designing steam turbine and the related parts. The condensing steam turbine is a conventional steam turbine in which the steam exiting the turbine exhaust is condensed to provide the maximum energy capture. The data in this paper describes the advance machine platform based on a three pressure reheat steam cycle. In general, a steam turbine is a rotary heat engine that converts thermal energy contained in the steam to mechanical energy or to electrical energy.
However, a disadvantage is less flexible power output power so that turbine locomotives were best suited for longhaul operations at a constant. The 7h and 9h stag advanced machines are additionally integrated with steam cooling in the gas turbine. Moreover, 50inch blades for 3600 rpm and 60inch blades for 3000 rpm with further enhanced. Aug 19, 20 a condenser installed at the exhaust or low pressure end of the turbine receives and condenses the steam prior to it being pumped back to the boiler. In addition, a control system is needed and emission reduction hardware may be required depending on local air quality requirements. The noncondensing steam turbine uses highpressure steam for the rotation of blades. It is designed to efficiently extract work out of high pressure steam. Prior to supplying steam to the turbine, the steam supply pipelines have to be drained and heated up. A steam turbine is a type of electric power generator in which a shaft is made to rotate by the movement of steam past sets of blades arranged in circles. Steam turbine definition of steam turbine by merriamwebster. Turbine definition in the cambridge english dictionary. Turbine turbine history of steam turbine technology. Steam system operation although the steam pipework is a fixed system with no moving parts it is subject to various transient conditions.
It then emerged through two opposing curved tubes, just as water issues from a rotating lawn sprinkler. Steam turbine definition and meaning collins english dictionary. Purpose this manual can be used for preliminary selection, steam and cooling water planning for steam turbines in basic and detail engineering stages. Steam turbine definition, a turbine driven by steam pressure. The high pressure hp turbine see figure 1 is the first main engine turbine to receive steam from the main steam system. One of the fi rst steps in selecting a steam turbine is calculating the eoretical steam rateth tsr. The hp turbine is a pressurevelocity compounded, single axial flow, noncondensing impulse turbine. A steam turbine locomotive engine is a steam locomotive driven by a steam turbine. Unlike with reciprocating engines, for instance, compression, heating and expansion are continuous and. Steam turbine performance 3 4 2 1 46 45 44 43 42 41 43 42 41 40 39 % % 1. Chaplin encyclopedia of life support systems eolss 1. Modern steampowered systems burn coal or gas to generate steam in boilers, which is then run through a steam turbine. Thats one reason why steam turbines were quickly adopted for powering ships, where space was very limited. Steam turbine article about steam turbine by the free.
Each set of blades helps to extract energy from the steam while also keeping the pressure at optimal levels. Steam engines are used very widely in engineering up to 1930 for generation of power but after it are replaced by internal combustion engine. Steam turbine definition is a turbine that is driven by the pressure of steam discharged at high velocity against the turbine vanes. The main advantages of a steam turbine locomotive are better rotational balance and reduced hammer blow on the track.
1673 677 1398 1116 88 1206 526 292 1448 1023 1080 1064 188 1278 242 1680 1236 200 120 1590 51 1102 922 740 508 1165 998 896 593 729 445 831 51